How do I master for a vinyl print

Mastering for vinyl requires a specialized approach that differs significantly from mastering for digital platforms. The physical limitations of the vinyl medium necessitate careful attention to dynamic range, frequency content, stereo imaging, and overall loudness to ensure optimal playback quality and prevent issues like distortion or skipping. Here are the key steps to master for a vinyl print: 1. Prioritize Dynamic Range and Moderate Loudness: Unlike digital masters that often aim for maximum loudness, vinyl mastering benefits from preserving dynamic range. Aim for a loudness target around -12 LUFS or -12 dB RMS, with peaks not exceeding 0 dBFS. Excessive limiting and gain reduction should be avoided, as the vinyl cutting and reproduction process can exacerbate distortion. 2. Manage Bass Frequencies and Stereo Width: Sum low frequencies to mono, typically below 150 Hz, and sometimes up to 300 Hz. This prevents excessive vertical movement of the cutting stylus, which can cause skips or distortion. Avoid wide stereo imaging in the low end. Ensure phase coherence, as out-of-phase low frequencies can lead to groove collapse. 3. Control High Frequencies and Sibilance: Attenuate harsh high frequencies, especially above 15 kHz, and address sibilance (typically in the 3 kHz to 10 kHz range) using de-essers or subtle EQ. Excessive high frequencies and sibilance can cause distortion and tracing failures during playback, particularly towards the inner grooves of the record. 4. Prepare High-Resolution Files and Consider Track Sequencing: Provide 24-bit WAV or AIFF files at the highest native sample rate (e.g., 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, or 96 kHz). Avoid upsampling. Include track spacing and a cue sheet with marker times for each side if submitting a single consolidated file per side. Place demanding or dynamic tracks at the beginning of each side, as fidelity can decrease towards the center of the record due to inner groove distortion.